Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их заменители.

1. The diagonal tubes could not be taken to street level between the columns, for planning reasons, and therefore heavy cross-bracing has had to be provided outside the columns at this level.

2. The secondary beams span to the cast steel brackets and may easily be changed in position.

3. Compared to precast elements cast-in-place concrete does not have to be field connected to tie the structure together.

4. Differential movements between trusses should be accepted.

5. Floor beams ought to have pinned connections with the truss at each end to allow this movement to occur.

6. This causes considerable bending in the columns, which they must be designed to resist.

7. The slab is still able to act as a continuous horizontal diaphragm spanning between the gable walls.

Упражнение 2. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на подчеркнутые слова.

1. This slab cantilevers over the wall on the south-east elevation.

2. These are supported by two outer hangers only, located in the longitudinal facades.

3. The building is founded on a concrete raft, which is stiffened by concrete basement walls that in general are 300 mm thick.

4. The depth of main girder is much more than that of secondary girders.

5. Those are the beams that stiffen both floors.

6. The terminal can be used by eight aircraft at two pierheads, these being situated on each side of the main building.

7. A steel frame comprises two-storey high columns that are connected in both directions by floor beams.

8. These floor trusses had to be heavy and comparable in size to those of a bridge.

Упражнение 3. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив.

1. Steel trough decking serves to stiffen the upper floors.

2. The concrete columns on the north-west elevation appear to be separate.

3. The slab cantilevered out at ground floor level to carry the weight of the new boundary wall.

4. To support the longer arms of the main girders of the frames the cross girder is of box section.

5. The lower-level floor beams, which are interconnected to form a grillage, are attached on the inside to the four tubular columns.

6. The building to connect the blocks is two-storey.

7. To prevent a premature set and ensure a proper cure is the main problem of concreting in hot weather.

Текст B

MOUNTAIN REFUGE IN THE STELVIO PASS, ITALY

This accommodation for mountain climbers is situated in the Alps. On plan the building comprises four wings enclosing a square core.

To withstand the high wind and snow loads the steel structure was designed as a rigid portal frame system in both directions. Each of the four sides of the core comprises two frames with hinged feet, one upon the other, interconnected at their corners by the cantilevering portal cross beams and stiffened by horizontal bracings. The bottom portal frame extends 7.80 m through two storeys but the top portal frame is only one storey in height. The span of the frames is 10.00 m. The floor beams, the cantilevers and the roof structure are attached to this square portal frame system. Two main beams span in each direction across the space between the cross beams of the portal frames and cantilever 5.60 m beyond them. At the points of intersection of these beams in the interior of the structure they are rigidly connected to four columns.

Spanning between the main beams are second­ary beams to which galvanised steel troughing units are welded which serve to carry the timber floor. Beams also span across the space between the cross beams of the top portal frames and cantilever beyond them. The main beams of the roof structure are connected to the ends of these cantilevers. The four sloping sections of the roof are staggered vertically in relation to one another so that the steel purlins at the top of the roof are connected at different levels to columns which transmit their load to the beams of the floor below or to the four internal columns The purlins in turn carry rafters consisting of rolled steel sections.

The cladding of the facade consists of timber panels with internal thermal insulation and vertical window openings with double glazing.

Notes:

the Alps Альпийские горы

hinged adj. шарнирный

mountain climber альпинист