Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на инфинитив, а также на объектные и субъектные инфинитивные обороты.

1. The Romans made extensive use of the arch to distribute thrust more evenly.

2. We expect the builders to show good results.

3. The construction of the factory is believed to finish at the end of this year.

4. The usual design technique is to check the footing stresses in order to assure the adequate thickness.

5. To make a joint watertight certain materials should be used.

6. Galvanised steel bolts are used to connect the wall panel to the roof beam above.

7. To keep the masonry everywhere in compression is the main object of the structural design.

8. We know the building technique to be an important branch of modern construction.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, определите функцию слова that.

1. It is known, that all loadbearing walls are founded on heavy ground beams.

2. At roof level, the depth of the panel is reduced compared to that at typical floor levels.

3. That the ground floor area is open is due to the buildings being raised off the ground on pillars.

4. The precast concrete elements, that form structure for each unit, consist of wall and floor panels.

5. That long precast beam runs along the south side.

6. The work in the factory started two months earlier than that on site.

7. The house is unusual in that the main central wall is both an internal and an external one.

Упражнение 3. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

HOUSING ESTATE AT TARANTO, ITALY

This residential development comprises 460 flats, accommodated in point blocks four or nine storeys high and long four-storey blocks. The latter, each of which has a structural core in the middle and two flats per floor, are joined to the point blocks with central core and three flats per floor. The buildings are raised off the ground on pillars, so that the ground floor area is largely open and with unrestricted access.

A uniform structural system was used for all the buildings. In the two longitudinal facades and on the centre-line columns, consisting of sections ranging from HE 140 A to HE 180 B, at 3.44 m centres, were built on tapered reinforced concrete col­umns in the open bottom storey. In the longi­tudinal direction the external columns were interconnected by pin-jointed beams, channel sections U 220, while the central columns were rigidly interconnected by HE 180 A beams. In the transverse direction secondary beams were pin-jointed to the columns. All structural connections were bolted. Wind forces are transmitted through the floors to the rein­forced concrete cores and to vertical cross bracings in the end walls of the wings.

In the construction of the floors reinforced concrete T-beams were used spanning between outside and central beams. Precast floor units are 5.20 m long, 0.75 m wide and 19 cm thick, resting on in-situ reinforced concrete beams. Reinforcement was welded to the top flanges of the steel beams and structural continuity of the concrete beams over the central steel beams was ensured by lapping of the reinforcement.

Foundations are bearing on limestone. Pad foundations were used under the columns. Under the wind bracings in the ends of the buildings strip foundations were used. Bearing pressure on subsoil is 3 kg/cm².

Notes:

lapping n. соединение внахлёстку

pillar n. колонна, стойчатая опора

T-beam тавровая балка