Грамматические упражнения

Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на конструкцию it is/was … that… .

1. It is connection of precast concrete units that can be a major construction problem.

2. It is the reaction of water and cement powder that makes the paste harden.

3. It is the hotel that has ten storeys, the office building being a low-rise one.

4. It was in 1824 that Portland cement appeared.

5. It was the health club with two levels below grade that determined the column spacings under this playing floor.

6. It was the main staircase that structurally separated the building into two parts.

Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на неличные формы глагола.

1. To overcome this flexibility GRP is often used in the form of shaped or double skin panels.

2. The load transmission conditions being approximately the same in both directions, a planning grid with a square mesh was adopted.

3. Steel was thought to be more suitable for a building in an industrial area.

4. The builder uses different construction materials to produce the finished structure.

5. This period of time is necessary to allow the concrete to gain sufficient strength before it has to support itself.

6. The slab may be composed of a system of two-way ribs joined together by a thin top layer of concrete, the latter being described as a waffle slab.

7. These cements generate such heat after setting that they may cause thermal cracking.

8. The space above the ceiling is not accessible without locally destroying the ceiling.

9. Having been advised by the consulting engineer to increase the strength of the foundation they decided to change its design.

10. The area having few sunny days, all the living rooms face (смотрят на) south.

Упражнение 3. Прочтите и переведите следующее:

⅓; ½; ¼; ⅛; ⅜; 1¼ in thick; 3 ⅝ m wide; 0.9 ft deep; 15.24 cm deep; 45.72 cm by 274.32 cm; 0.415 kg per sq m; 2.26 mm; 2,625 tons.

Упражнение 4. Работа в парах.

Студент C: Задайте 5 вопросов различных типов к тексту А.

Студент D: Ответьте на вопросы к тексту студента C.

Студенты C и D: Поменяйтесь ролями.

Текст B

EISSTADION, BRAUNLAGE, WEST GERMANY

Part II

The effect of the masts and cables is to more than double the span of this same frame without cables. The shape of the cable-stayed frame follows the general pattern of the bending movement in a portal frame with pinned feet and deep haunches. The snow load of 410 kg per sq m is taken by axial forces in the cables and bending of the ridge beam and, if the load is asymmetrical, causes some cables to go slack. Load effects then become non-linear, that is the effects of different load cases may not be simply added together. Linear analysis is sufficiently good for the analysis of dead load effects however. The masts receive compression forces of up to 1100 tonnes from the cables. With wind forces acting at right angles to the main axis of the building, the lateral stabilising system allows the cable anchorage points to move up to 226mm in the east-west direction. As in any large structure, the increase of forces due to temperature variations is decreased as far as possible, in this case by pinned connections and sliding joints. However the main cable-stayed frame is internally indeterminate and has to absorb these forces; the transverse frames are flexible and bend under temperature stresses so that the concrete corner supports do not receive excessive horizontal force.

The total period of construction was 24 months. Steelwork was brought onto site in large sections and welded up in position.

With heavy snow loading a structure of strength and rigidity was required. However reasonable economy has been achieved by the elimination of ground anchors, the use of a continuous ridge member and the careful selection of angles and prestressing force in the cables. Higher prestressing forces would have increased the size of the ridge beam.

Notes:

axial force осевая сила

cable-stayed frame балочно-вантовый каркас

haunch n. консольный выступ

indeterminate adj. неопределённый

linear adj. линейный

go slack провисать

sliding joint подвижное соединение